Kingdom of Croatia (925 – 1918):
From 1102 onwards, the Kingdom of Croatia shared kings with other states (personal union), appointed by the Sabor (Parliament). The kings are presented according to Croatian numbering (for example, the Hungarian king Bela II was the Croatian king Bela I). The official (diplomatic) names of the Kingdom of Croatia were as follows:
- Kingdom of Croatia (925 – 970)
- Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia (970 – 13th century)
- Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (13th century – 1868)
- Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia (1868 – 1918)
Kings:
House of Trpimirović
Tomislav 925 – 928 • Prince Tomislav defeated the Hungarians and Bulgarians, united the country and became the King in 925
Trpimir II 928 – 935
Krešimir I 935 – 945
Miroslav 945 – 949
Michael Krešimir II 949 – 969
Stephen Držislav 969 – 997 • Incorporation of Dalmatian cities in 970
Svetislav Surina 997 – 1000
Krešimir III 1000 – 1030
Stephen I 1030 – 1058
Peter Krešimir IV 1058 – 1074
Demetrius Zvonimir 1075 – 1089 • Separation of independent Kingdom of Doclea in 1077
Stephen II 1089 – 1091
Peter Svačić 1093 – 1097 • Killed on the Gvozd mountain in 1097 while defending the country from the Hungarians. Although without the king, in 1099 the united Croatian counts pushed the Hungarians back over the Drava river
• Having started a new campaign against Croatia, but stopped in 1102 on the Drava river facing the convened Croatian army, Hungarian King Coloman offered an agreement to the Croats (the Kiss of Peace)
House of Arpad
Coloman 1102 – 1116 • Elected and crowned as the Croatian King in 1102 by the agreement Pacta Conventa (personal union of Croatia and Hungary)
Stephen III 1116 – 1131
Bela I the Blind 1131 – 1141
Geza I 1141 – 1162
Stephen IV 1162
Ladislaus I 1162 – 1163
Stephen V 1163
Stephen IV 1163 – 1172
Bela II 1173 – 1196
Emeric 1196 – 1204
Ladislaus II 1204 – 1205
Andrew I 1205 – 1235
Bela III 1235 – 1270
Stephen VI 1270 – 1272
Ladislaus III the Cuman 1272 – 1290
Andrew II the Venetian 1290 – 1300
House of Anjou
Charles Robert 1300 – 1342 • King of Hungary only from 1307 (restored personal union)
Louis I 1342 – 1382 • Separation of independent Kingdom of Bosnia in 1377
Mary 1382 – 1385
Charles of Durazzo 1385 – 1386
Various Houses
Sigismund of Luxembourg 1387 – 1437 • First Ottoman attacks in 1396
• Venice captures most of the coastal cities and islands in 1420
Antikings:
- Stephen Tvrtko of Kotromanić 1387 – 1391
- Ladislaus of Naples of Anjou 1391 – 1409
Albert of Habsburg 1437 – 1439
Elisabeth of Luxembourg 1439 – 1440
Vladislaus I of Jagiellon 1440 – 1444
Ladislaus the Posthumous of Habsburg 1444 – 1457
Matthias Corvinus of Hunyadi 1458 – 1490 • Strong continuous Ottoman attacks after the conquest of Bosnia in 1463
Vladislaus II of Jagiellon 1490 – 1516
Louis II of Jagiellon 1516 – 1526 • Title Antemurale Christianitatis given to Croatia by the Pope in 1519
• Separation of independent Republic of Dubrovnik in 1526
House of Habsburg
Ferdinand I 1527 – 1564 • Elected as the King by the Sabor in exchange to help defence against Ottomans (personal union with Austria)
• Organisation of Military Frontier under the administration of the joint army in 1553
Antiking:
- John of Zapolja 1527 – 1538
Maximilian I 1564 – 1576
Rudolf I 1576 – 1608 • Croatia reduced to Reliquiae reliquiarum, but further Ottoman conquests were halted by the Sisak victory in 1593
Matthias II 1608 – 1619
Ferdinand II 1619 – 1637
Ferdinand III 1637 – 1657
Leopold I 1657 – 1705 • Due to King's avoidance of the undertaken obligation to liberate the occupied territories, unsatisfied Croatian and Hungarian magnates initiated the Zrinski-Frankopan Conspiracy, suppressed by the King, who had fraudulently captured and executed Zrinski and Frankopan, and confiscated their estates in 1671. Since then, the Habsburg Kings (in permanent conflict of interest as the Croatian, Czech and Hungarian Kings, German Emperors and Austrian Archdukes) were openly supporting the interests of Austria or Hungary, often to the detriment of Croatia.
• Ottomans expelled from Central Croatia and most of Slavonia in 1699, but not from Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Venice captures entire Dalmatian coast in 1671 and hinterland in 1699 and 1718
Joseph I 1705 – 1711
Charles III 1711 – 1740 • Succession to the Croatian throne recognised by the Sabor to the female line of Habsburg in 1712 (Pragmatic Sanction)
• Liberation of Slavonia completed in 1718
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Maria Theresa 1740 – 1780 • Slavonia returned under the Croatian administration in 1745
Joseph II 1780 – 1790
Leopold II 1790 – 1792 • Act of the Sabor on accession to the real union with Hungary in 1790, until the remaining areas under the Ottoman and Venetian rules are restored. Simultaneously, Hungary started aggressive policy against Croatia, which culminated in 1848.
Francis I 1792 – 1835 • After the end of Republic of Venice the royal army captured Dalmatia, but it was not returned under the Croatian administration
• Republic of Dubrovnik ended in 1808 and merged with Dalmatia in 1814
Ferdinand IV 1835 – 1848 • Withdrawal from the real union and the war with Hungary in 1848 – 49: "The King of Croatia had declared war on the King of Hungary while the Emperor of Austria remained neutral and these three monarchs were one and the same person"
Francis Joseph I 1848 – 1916 • By the Croatian-Hungarian Compromise of 1868, the two states created a real union under the name Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen
• The royal army captured Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, but it was not incorporated into Croatia
• Military Frontier returned under the Croatian administration in 1881
• The military intelligence of the Kingdom of Serbia (with the program of territorial extension aimed at Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina), in Sarajevo in 1914 organised the assassination of the heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand, who planned the trialist reorganisation of the Habsburg Monarchy, consisting of Austria, Hungary and Croatia (including Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Charles IV 1916 – 1918 • The Sabor declared independence by discontinuing constitutional links with Austria and Hungary; creation of provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in 1918.
Ocupação (1918 – 1939):
A Croácia foi ocupada pelo exército sérvio em 1918 e, por coação e sem o consentimento do Sabor, foi incorporada no recém-criado Reino dos Sérvios, Croatas e Eslovenos (mais tarde Reino da Jugoslávia). Com este ato, pela primeira vez em 13 séculos, a Croácia deixou de existir como Estado. A Jugoslávia cedeu à Itália partes da costa croata (Ístria, Rijeka, Zadar e várias ilhas) em 1920.
Rei do Estado Independente da Croácia (1941–1943):
Fundado em 1941 sob os auspícios das Potências do Eixo e da ditadura de Ustaše. Incluía a Croácia e a Bósnia e Herzegovina, mas cedeu a maior parte da Dalmácia e do litoral à Itália, bem como Međimurje e Baranja à Hungria. Após a capitulação da Itália em 1943, incorporou a maior parte da Dalmácia. Até 1943, era tecnicamente um reino, com o príncipe italiano Aimone de Saboia como rei Tomislav II, mas a autoridade real era exercida pelo Poglavnik dos Ustaše. Vencido na Segunda Guerra Mundial, deixou de existir em 1945.
Tomislav II (Rei designado) (18 Maio 1941 - 31 Julho 1943) m. Princesa Irene da Grécia e Dinamarca
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